Electronics · Coursework

Line-following Robot

Electronics assembly and integration in a five-person team building an autonomous line-following robot.

My role
Electronics lead in a five-person university team
Period
2024 · Aston University
Source
Public project overview

The question

Can the sensing, controller, and motor-drive electronics work reliably as one physical system?

PCB assembly · Soldering · IR sensing · PWM motor control · Hardware integration
CTRL8 × IRTeam controller. My electronics build.
Sense → correct → moveConceptual illustration

My contribution

Led PCB assembly, soldering, wiring, electrical checks, and integration of the team's sensing and motor-control electronics.

01 / problem

Line following

The team built a robot that detected a line and adjusted its motion to follow it. That required the sensing, controller, and motor-drive subsystems to work together on a physical assembly, where a connection fault could matter as much as the control logic.

02 / role

My contribution

I led the electronics build: assembling and soldering the PCB-based stack, completing the wiring, checking connections, and carrying out electrical testing. I worked with the other team members to integrate the sensor array, their controller, and the PWM motor-drive electronics.

The robot was a five-person project. My contribution was the electronics assembly and integration; the controller and complete system were team work.

03 / architecture

Control architecture

  • An eight-element infrared reflectance sensor array provided information about the line's position.
  • The team's controller used the sensed position to determine a steering correction.
  • PWM motor-drive electronics adjusted the drive response to bring the robot toward the line.
  • The PCB assembly, wiring, and connections formed the electrical path between those subsystems.

04 / decisions

Fault finding

My work combined assembly with inspection, connection checks, and electrical testing. Checking the physical signal and power paths gave the team a way to investigate faults before attributing every unexpected movement to the controller.

05 / evaluation

Testing and outcome

The project reached a working autonomous line-following robot. I used multimeters and basic test equipment during the build and debugging process. The evidence available for this case is the completed team project and my documented electronics role; no lap-time, speed, accuracy, or competition result is claimed.

06 / limitations

Project scope

  • This was university coursework in 2024, not a current commercial robotics product.
  • The website's control-loop graphic is an illustration, not recorded telemetry or a reproduction of the team's controller.
  • The later public AVR motor-bring-up repository is a separate exercise and is not presented as this robot's source code.

Interactive illustration

Line-following control

Select a line position to see a simplified qualitative steering response. This explains the team system; it is not recorded telemetry, a circuit schematic, or a claim that I wrote the entire controller.

Control-loop illustrationIR → CONTROL → PWM
Move the line. See the correction.TOP VIEW
Eight infrared sensors connected to a controller and two motor drivesCentred: the highlighted sensor pair detects the illustrated line. Steering response: hold centre. Left motor: balanced. Right motor: balanced. This is a simplified control illustration, not recorded telemetry.LINE POSITION8 × IRCTRLCONTROLLERLEFT MOTORRIGHT MOTORPWM DRIVE
STEERINGHold centre
LEFT MOTORBalanced
RIGHT MOTORBalanced

Illustrative states · qualitative motor response

Source

Explanatory diagram; no public repository.

Public overview reviewed 8 September 2026.

Line-following Robot · Laith Masri EngTech TMIET